What is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you’re allergic to. The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings and medications.

If you are allergic to a substance, your immune system overreacts to this allergen by releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms. Typically, these bothersome symptoms occur in one location of the body. However, some people are susceptible to a much more serious anaphylactic reaction. This reaction typically affects more than one part of the body at the same time. The flood of chemicals released by your immune system during anaphylaxis can cause you to go into shock; your blood pressure drops suddenly and your airways narrow, blocking normal breathing.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you’re allergic to:

Skin reactions, including hives along with itching
Flushed or pale skin
A feeling of warmth
The sensation of a lump in your throat
Wheezing, shortness of breath, throat tightness, cough, hoarse voice, chest pain/tightness, trouble swallowing, itchy mouth/throat, nasal stuffiness/congestion
A weak and rapid pulse
Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
Dizziness
Headache
Anxiety
Low blood pressure
Loss of consciousness

The most dangerous symptoms are low blood pressure, breathing difficulty and loss of consciousness, all of which can be fatal. If you have any of these symptoms, particularly after eating, taking medication or being stung by an insect, seek medical care immediately. DON’T WAIT!!!!!

Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment, including an injection of adrenalin and follow up medical examination in a hospital emergency room.

Causes

Foods

Any food can cause an allergic reaction. Foods that cause the majority of anaphylaxis are peanuts, tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew, Brazil nut), shellfish, fish, milk, eggs and preservatives.

Stinging insects

Insect sting venom from, honeybees, wasps or yellow jackets, hornets and fire ants can cause severe and even deadly reactions in some people.

Medications

Common medications that cause anaphylaxis are antibiotics (such as penicillin) and anti-seizure medicines. Certain blood and blood products, radiocontrast dyes, pain medications and other drugs may also cause severe reactions.

Less common causes

Latex

Natural latex products contain allergens that can cause reactions in sensitive individuals.

Exercise

Very rare, exercise can cause anaphylaxis. In some cases it is seen after eating certain foods before exercise.

If you have allergies or asthma and have a family history of anaphylaxis, your risk is higher. Even if you or your child has had only a mild anaphylactic reaction in the past, there’s still a risk of more severe anaphylaxis.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask you questions about your allergies or any previous allergic reactions you’ve had:

Whether any particular foods seem to cause a reaction
Whether stings from any particular type of insect seem to cause your symptoms
Any medications you take, and if certain medications seem linked to your symptoms
Whether you’ve had allergy symptoms when your skin has been exposed to latex

Then you may be tested for allergies with skin tests or blood tests and your doctor may also ask you to keep a detailed list of what you eat or to stop eating certain foods for a time

Other conditions as a possible cause of your symptoms have to be excluded, like:

Seizure disorders
Mastocytosis, an immune system disorder
Non-allergic conditions that causes skin symptoms
Psychological issues
Heart or lung problems

Treatment

During an severe anaphylactic reaction, an emergency medical team may perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if you stop breathing or your heart stops beating. They will give you medications:

Epinephrine (adrenaline) to reduce your body’s allergic response
Antihistamines and cortisone (intravenous) to reduce inflammation of your air passages and improve breathing
A beta-agonist (e.g. albuterol/salbutomol) to relieve breathing symptoms
Oxygen

If you are at risk of anaphylaxis your allergist may prescribe autoinjectable epinephrine/adrenaline. This device (“Pen”) is a combined syringe and concealed needle that injects a single dose of epinephrine/adrenaline when pressed against your thigh. Make sure you understand how and when to use it. Also, make sure the people closest to you (family, colleagues, employers and school staff) know how to use the adrenaline pen, maybe one of them could save your life. Always refill the prescription upon expiration. There are no special storage conditions. Do not let it freeze (0°C). When flying: You may carry the pen in your hand luggage. Security and flight personnel may not know this, therefore ask your doctor to give you a signed travel certificate. This medication (“Pen”) must be carried with you at all times.

Immunotherapy

In some cases, your allergist may suggest specific treatments, such as immunotherapy (allergy shots), to reduce your body’s allergic response to insect stings. Immunotherapy, also known as desensitization or hypo-sensitization, is the best treatment option for people allergic to stinging insects as it can reduce the risk of a future severe reaction to less than 5%. Venom immunotherapy is given in the form of shots, and about 80 to 90% of patients who receive it for 3 to 5 years do not have a severe reaction to a future sting.

What can you do to prevent a future attack?

In most other cases there’s no way to treat the underlying immune system condition that can lead to anaphylaxis.

Avoid your known allergy triggers as much as you can
If prescribed by your doctor, always carry a self-administered epinephrine/adrenaline Pen with you. During an anaphylactic attack, you can give yourself the drug using the Pen (e.g. EpiPen, Jext, Emerade).